TY - JOUR
T1 - Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog
AU - Wang, Yali
AU - Liu, Xiaobo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Leizhou Stone Dog is the unique stonework in the Leizhou Peninsula, which has a history of more than two thousand years, representing its great significance of art and culture. However, most of these stone dogs are suffering from severe physical, chemical and biological attacks, biodeterioration in particular. In this study, we determined bacterial communities in the biofilms on the stone dogs and explored the potential mechanisms on blackening of the basalt sculptures. Bacterial communities in the biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Interestingly, the two genera Sulfurovum and Acidiphilium, which are typical sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, were dominated in the black biofilms. Contents of selective soluble ions, especially for Cl− and SO42−, NO3− were detected higher in soil under the sculptures. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Fe and Ca are the major elements in the black biofilms, which are widely reported to be two main elements of black crusts composed of FeS or CaSO4 on stone monuments. Our findings provide potential chemical and microbial evidence for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog.
AB - Leizhou Stone Dog is the unique stonework in the Leizhou Peninsula, which has a history of more than two thousand years, representing its great significance of art and culture. However, most of these stone dogs are suffering from severe physical, chemical and biological attacks, biodeterioration in particular. In this study, we determined bacterial communities in the biofilms on the stone dogs and explored the potential mechanisms on blackening of the basalt sculptures. Bacterial communities in the biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Interestingly, the two genera Sulfurovum and Acidiphilium, which are typical sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, were dominated in the black biofilms. Contents of selective soluble ions, especially for Cl− and SO42−, NO3− were detected higher in soil under the sculptures. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Fe and Ca are the major elements in the black biofilms, which are widely reported to be two main elements of black crusts composed of FeS or CaSO4 on stone monuments. Our findings provide potential chemical and microbial evidence for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog.
KW - Biodeterioration
KW - Biofilms
KW - Blackening
KW - Stone dog
KW - Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102637835&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207
DO - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:85102637835
SN - 0964-8305
VL - 159
JO - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
JF - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
M1 - 105207
ER -