Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog

Yali Wang; Xiaobo Liu

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog

Yali Wang, Xiaobo Liu^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Environmental Science and Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

12 Scopus citations

Abstract

Leizhou Stone Dog is the unique stonework in the Leizhou Peninsula, which has a history of more than two thousand years, representing its great significance of art and culture. However, most of these stone dogs are suffering from severe physical, chemical and biological attacks, biodeterioration in particular. In this study, we determined bacterial communities in the biofilms on the stone dogs and explored the potential mechanisms on blackening of the basalt sculptures. Bacterial communities in the biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Interestingly, the two genera Sulfurovum and Acidiphilium, which are typical sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, were dominated in the black biofilms. Contents of selective soluble ions, especially for Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ were detected higher in soil under the sculptures. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Fe and Ca are the major elements in the black biofilms, which are widely reported to be two main elements of black crusts composed of FeS or CaSO₄ on stone monuments. Our findings provide potential chemical and microbial evidence for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog.

Original language	English
Article number	105207
Journal	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
Volume	159
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207
State	Published - Apr 2021

Keywords

Biodeterioration
Biofilms
Blackening
Stone dog
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

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10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207

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title = "Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog",

abstract = "Leizhou Stone Dog is the unique stonework in the Leizhou Peninsula, which has a history of more than two thousand years, representing its great significance of art and culture. However, most of these stone dogs are suffering from severe physical, chemical and biological attacks, biodeterioration in particular. In this study, we determined bacterial communities in the biofilms on the stone dogs and explored the potential mechanisms on blackening of the basalt sculptures. Bacterial communities in the biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Interestingly, the two genera Sulfurovum and Acidiphilium, which are typical sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, were dominated in the black biofilms. Contents of selective soluble ions, especially for Cl− and SO42−, NO3− were detected higher in soil under the sculptures. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Fe and Ca are the major elements in the black biofilms, which are widely reported to be two main elements of black crusts composed of FeS or CaSO4 on stone monuments. Our findings provide potential chemical and microbial evidence for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog.",

keywords = "Biodeterioration, Biofilms, Blackening, Stone dog, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria",

author = "Yali Wang and Xiaobo Liu",

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year = "2021",

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doi = "10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105207",

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AB - Leizhou Stone Dog is the unique stonework in the Leizhou Peninsula, which has a history of more than two thousand years, representing its great significance of art and culture. However, most of these stone dogs are suffering from severe physical, chemical and biological attacks, biodeterioration in particular. In this study, we determined bacterial communities in the biofilms on the stone dogs and explored the potential mechanisms on blackening of the basalt sculptures. Bacterial communities in the biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Deinococcota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Interestingly, the two genera Sulfurovum and Acidiphilium, which are typical sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, were dominated in the black biofilms. Contents of selective soluble ions, especially for Cl− and SO42−, NO3− were detected higher in soil under the sculptures. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed that Fe and Ca are the major elements in the black biofilms, which are widely reported to be two main elements of black crusts composed of FeS or CaSO4 on stone monuments. Our findings provide potential chemical and microbial evidence for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog.

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Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria involved in the blackening of basalt sculptures of the Leizhou Stone Dog

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Keywords

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