Insights into the bacterial and fungal communities and microbiome that causes a microbe outbreak on ancient wall paintings in the Maijishan Grottoes

Dongpeng He; Fasi Wu; Wenxia Ma; Yong Zhang; Ji Dong Gu; Yulong Duan; Ruihong Xu; Huyuan Feng; Wanfu Wang; Shi Weng Li

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105250

Insights into the bacterial and fungal communities and microbiome that causes a microbe outbreak on ancient wall paintings in the Maijishan Grottoes

Dongpeng He, Fasi Wu, Wenxia Ma, Yong Zhang, Ji Dong Gu, Yulong Duan, Ruihong Xu, Huyuan Feng, Wanfu Wang, Shi Weng Li^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Environmental Science and Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

38 Scopus citations

Abstract

The Maijishan Grottoes, located on the ancient Silk Road in West China, was constructed from the 4th centuries onward for more than 1500 years and became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. A severe microbe outbreak occurred on the wall paintings in the caves of the Maijishan Grottoes in 2018. To prevent and control microbial damage to the wall paintings, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in the normal wall samples and those with microbial plaques using high-throughput sequencing and the environmental factors associated with the microbe outbreak. The results showed that the normal wall samples were dominated by bacterial phyla Actinobacteria (71.7%), Proteobacteria (17.8%), Firmicutes (6.5%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%), and fungal families Trichocomaceae (43.4%), unclassified Capnodiales (23.2%), unclassified Ascomycota (12.1%), Teratosphaeriaceae (10.2%), and unclassified Eurotiomycetes (6.2%). The wall samples with microbial plaques were dominated by bacterial Actinobacteria (92.9%), Proteobacteria (5.3%), Firmicutes (1.1%), and Chloroflexi (0.3%) and fungal families unclassified Eurotiomycetes (93.3%), unclassified Ascomycota (3.3%), and Microascaceae (2.9%). These results indicated the great changes in bacterial and fungal communities during the microbe outbreak. The dominant fungus in the wall samples with microbial plaques was isolated and identified as a potential novel species which has 92% ITS sequence similarity with Arachnomyces sp. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the microbe outbreak was primarily attributed to the excessive air humidity inside and outside of the caves. Thus, air humidity management is important for protecting the ancient wall paintings from microbial colonization and attack.

Original language	English
Article number	105250
Journal	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
Volume	163
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105250
State	Published - Sep 2021

Keywords

Bacterial community
Fungal community
Grottoes
Microbe outbreak
Microbial colonization

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title = "Insights into the bacterial and fungal communities and microbiome that causes a microbe outbreak on ancient wall paintings in the Maijishan Grottoes",

abstract = "The Maijishan Grottoes, located on the ancient Silk Road in West China, was constructed from the 4th centuries onward for more than 1500 years and became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. A severe microbe outbreak occurred on the wall paintings in the caves of the Maijishan Grottoes in 2018. To prevent and control microbial damage to the wall paintings, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in the normal wall samples and those with microbial plaques using high-throughput sequencing and the environmental factors associated with the microbe outbreak. The results showed that the normal wall samples were dominated by bacterial phyla Actinobacteria (71.7%), Proteobacteria (17.8%), Firmicutes (6.5%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%), and fungal families Trichocomaceae (43.4%), unclassified Capnodiales (23.2%), unclassified Ascomycota (12.1%), Teratosphaeriaceae (10.2%), and unclassified Eurotiomycetes (6.2%). The wall samples with microbial plaques were dominated by bacterial Actinobacteria (92.9%), Proteobacteria (5.3%), Firmicutes (1.1%), and Chloroflexi (0.3%) and fungal families unclassified Eurotiomycetes (93.3%), unclassified Ascomycota (3.3%), and Microascaceae (2.9%). These results indicated the great changes in bacterial and fungal communities during the microbe outbreak. The dominant fungus in the wall samples with microbial plaques was isolated and identified as a potential novel species which has 92% ITS sequence similarity with Arachnomyces sp. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the microbe outbreak was primarily attributed to the excessive air humidity inside and outside of the caves. Thus, air humidity management is important for protecting the ancient wall paintings from microbial colonization and attack.",

keywords = "Bacterial community, Fungal community, Grottoes, Microbe outbreak, Microbial colonization",

author = "Dongpeng He and Fasi Wu and Wenxia Ma and Yong Zhang and Gu, {Ji Dong} and Yulong Duan and Ruihong Xu and Huyuan Feng and Wanfu Wang and Li, {Shi Weng}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105250",

language = "英语",

volume = "163",

journal = "International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation",

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T1 - Insights into the bacterial and fungal communities and microbiome that causes a microbe outbreak on ancient wall paintings in the Maijishan Grottoes

AU - He, Dongpeng

AU - Wu, Fasi

AU - Ma, Wenxia

AU - Zhang, Yong

AU - Gu, Ji Dong

AU - Duan, Yulong

AU - Xu, Ruihong

AU - Feng, Huyuan

AU - Wang, Wanfu

AU - Li, Shi Weng

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - The Maijishan Grottoes, located on the ancient Silk Road in West China, was constructed from the 4th centuries onward for more than 1500 years and became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. A severe microbe outbreak occurred on the wall paintings in the caves of the Maijishan Grottoes in 2018. To prevent and control microbial damage to the wall paintings, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in the normal wall samples and those with microbial plaques using high-throughput sequencing and the environmental factors associated with the microbe outbreak. The results showed that the normal wall samples were dominated by bacterial phyla Actinobacteria (71.7%), Proteobacteria (17.8%), Firmicutes (6.5%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%), and fungal families Trichocomaceae (43.4%), unclassified Capnodiales (23.2%), unclassified Ascomycota (12.1%), Teratosphaeriaceae (10.2%), and unclassified Eurotiomycetes (6.2%). The wall samples with microbial plaques were dominated by bacterial Actinobacteria (92.9%), Proteobacteria (5.3%), Firmicutes (1.1%), and Chloroflexi (0.3%) and fungal families unclassified Eurotiomycetes (93.3%), unclassified Ascomycota (3.3%), and Microascaceae (2.9%). These results indicated the great changes in bacterial and fungal communities during the microbe outbreak. The dominant fungus in the wall samples with microbial plaques was isolated and identified as a potential novel species which has 92% ITS sequence similarity with Arachnomyces sp. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the microbe outbreak was primarily attributed to the excessive air humidity inside and outside of the caves. Thus, air humidity management is important for protecting the ancient wall paintings from microbial colonization and attack.

AB - The Maijishan Grottoes, located on the ancient Silk Road in West China, was constructed from the 4th centuries onward for more than 1500 years and became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. A severe microbe outbreak occurred on the wall paintings in the caves of the Maijishan Grottoes in 2018. To prevent and control microbial damage to the wall paintings, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in the normal wall samples and those with microbial plaques using high-throughput sequencing and the environmental factors associated with the microbe outbreak. The results showed that the normal wall samples were dominated by bacterial phyla Actinobacteria (71.7%), Proteobacteria (17.8%), Firmicutes (6.5%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%), and fungal families Trichocomaceae (43.4%), unclassified Capnodiales (23.2%), unclassified Ascomycota (12.1%), Teratosphaeriaceae (10.2%), and unclassified Eurotiomycetes (6.2%). The wall samples with microbial plaques were dominated by bacterial Actinobacteria (92.9%), Proteobacteria (5.3%), Firmicutes (1.1%), and Chloroflexi (0.3%) and fungal families unclassified Eurotiomycetes (93.3%), unclassified Ascomycota (3.3%), and Microascaceae (2.9%). These results indicated the great changes in bacterial and fungal communities during the microbe outbreak. The dominant fungus in the wall samples with microbial plaques was isolated and identified as a potential novel species which has 92% ITS sequence similarity with Arachnomyces sp. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the microbe outbreak was primarily attributed to the excessive air humidity inside and outside of the caves. Thus, air humidity management is important for protecting the ancient wall paintings from microbial colonization and attack.

KW - Bacterial community

KW - Fungal community

KW - Grottoes

KW - Microbe outbreak

KW - Microbial colonization

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DO - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105250

M3 - 文章

AN - SCOPUS:85108990671

SN - 0964-8305

VL - 163

JO - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

JF - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

M1 - 105250

ER -

Insights into the bacterial and fungal communities and microbiome that causes a microbe outbreak on ancient wall paintings in the Maijishan Grottoes

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