An Emission-Free Vacuum Chlorinating Process for Simultaneous Sulfur Fixation and Lead Recovery from Spent Lead-Acid Batteries

Kang Liu; Jiakuan Yang; Sha Liang; Huijie Hou; Ye Chen; Junxiong Wang; Bingchuan Liu; Keke Xiao; Jingping Hu; Jin Wang

doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05283

An Emission-Free Vacuum Chlorinating Process for Simultaneous Sulfur Fixation and Lead Recovery from Spent Lead-Acid Batteries

Kang Liu, Jiakuan Yang^*, Sha Liang, Huijie Hou, Ye Chen, Junxiong Wang, Bingchuan Liu, Keke Xiao, Jingping Hu, Jin Wang

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

55 Scopus citations

Abstract

Spent lead-acid battery recycling by using conventional technologies is usually accompanied by releases of lead-containing wastewater as well as emissions of sulfur oxides and lead particulates that may potentially cause secondary pollution. This study developed a vacuum chlorinating process for simultaneous sulfur fixation and high-purity lead chloride (PbCl₂) recovery from spent lead paste by using calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) as reagents. The process train includes pretreatment, simultaneous PbCl₂ production and sulfur fixation, and PbCl₂ volatilization. The pretreatment eliminated chlorine emission from direct chlorinating reaction of PbO₂ in the initial S-paste (PbSO₄/PbO₂/PbO/Pb). During the subsequent PbCl₂ production and sulfur fixation step, lead compounds in the P-paste (PbSO₄/PbO) was converted to volatile PbCl₂, and sulfur was simultaneously fixed to the solid residues in the form of CaSO₄ to eliminate the emission of sulfur oxides. The final step, PbCl₂ volatilization under vacuum, is a physical phase-transformation process of ionic crystals, following a zeroth-order kinetic model. A cost estimate indicates a profit of USD $ 8.50/kg PbCl₂. This process offers a novel green lead recovery alternative for spent lead-acid batteries with environmental and economic benefits.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2235-2241
Number of pages	7
Journal	Environmental Science & Technology
Volume	52
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05283
State	Published - 20 Feb 2018
Externally published	Yes

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title = "An Emission-Free Vacuum Chlorinating Process for Simultaneous Sulfur Fixation and Lead Recovery from Spent Lead-Acid Batteries",

abstract = "Spent lead-acid battery recycling by using conventional technologies is usually accompanied by releases of lead-containing wastewater as well as emissions of sulfur oxides and lead particulates that may potentially cause secondary pollution. This study developed a vacuum chlorinating process for simultaneous sulfur fixation and high-purity lead chloride (PbCl2) recovery from spent lead paste by using calcium chloride (CaCl2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as reagents. The process train includes pretreatment, simultaneous PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation, and PbCl2 volatilization. The pretreatment eliminated chlorine emission from direct chlorinating reaction of PbO2 in the initial S-paste (PbSO4/PbO2/PbO/Pb). During the subsequent PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation step, lead compounds in the P-paste (PbSO4/PbO) was converted to volatile PbCl2, and sulfur was simultaneously fixed to the solid residues in the form of CaSO4 to eliminate the emission of sulfur oxides. The final step, PbCl2 volatilization under vacuum, is a physical phase-transformation process of ionic crystals, following a zeroth-order kinetic model. A cost estimate indicates a profit of USD $ 8.50/kg PbCl2. This process offers a novel green lead recovery alternative for spent lead-acid batteries with environmental and economic benefits.",

author = "Kang Liu and Jiakuan Yang and Sha Liang and Huijie Hou and Ye Chen and Junxiong Wang and Bingchuan Liu and Keke Xiao and Jingping Hu and Jin Wang",

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AU - Hou, Huijie

AU - Chen, Ye

AU - Wang, Junxiong

AU - Liu, Bingchuan

AU - Xiao, Keke

AU - Hu, Jingping

AU - Wang, Jin

PY - 2018/2/20

Y1 - 2018/2/20

N2 - Spent lead-acid battery recycling by using conventional technologies is usually accompanied by releases of lead-containing wastewater as well as emissions of sulfur oxides and lead particulates that may potentially cause secondary pollution. This study developed a vacuum chlorinating process for simultaneous sulfur fixation and high-purity lead chloride (PbCl2) recovery from spent lead paste by using calcium chloride (CaCl2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as reagents. The process train includes pretreatment, simultaneous PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation, and PbCl2 volatilization. The pretreatment eliminated chlorine emission from direct chlorinating reaction of PbO2 in the initial S-paste (PbSO4/PbO2/PbO/Pb). During the subsequent PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation step, lead compounds in the P-paste (PbSO4/PbO) was converted to volatile PbCl2, and sulfur was simultaneously fixed to the solid residues in the form of CaSO4 to eliminate the emission of sulfur oxides. The final step, PbCl2 volatilization under vacuum, is a physical phase-transformation process of ionic crystals, following a zeroth-order kinetic model. A cost estimate indicates a profit of USD $ 8.50/kg PbCl2. This process offers a novel green lead recovery alternative for spent lead-acid batteries with environmental and economic benefits.

AB - Spent lead-acid battery recycling by using conventional technologies is usually accompanied by releases of lead-containing wastewater as well as emissions of sulfur oxides and lead particulates that may potentially cause secondary pollution. This study developed a vacuum chlorinating process for simultaneous sulfur fixation and high-purity lead chloride (PbCl2) recovery from spent lead paste by using calcium chloride (CaCl2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as reagents. The process train includes pretreatment, simultaneous PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation, and PbCl2 volatilization. The pretreatment eliminated chlorine emission from direct chlorinating reaction of PbO2 in the initial S-paste (PbSO4/PbO2/PbO/Pb). During the subsequent PbCl2 production and sulfur fixation step, lead compounds in the P-paste (PbSO4/PbO) was converted to volatile PbCl2, and sulfur was simultaneously fixed to the solid residues in the form of CaSO4 to eliminate the emission of sulfur oxides. The final step, PbCl2 volatilization under vacuum, is a physical phase-transformation process of ionic crystals, following a zeroth-order kinetic model. A cost estimate indicates a profit of USD $ 8.50/kg PbCl2. This process offers a novel green lead recovery alternative for spent lead-acid batteries with environmental and economic benefits.

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An Emission-Free Vacuum Chlorinating Process for Simultaneous Sulfur Fixation and Lead Recovery from Spent Lead-Acid Batteries

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