The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes

Yantian Ma; He Zhang; Ye Du; Tian Tian; Ting Xiang; Xiande Liu; Fasi Wu; Lizhe An; Wanfu Wang; Ji Dong Gu; Huyuan Feng

doi:10.1038/srep07752

The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes

Yantian Ma, He Zhang, Ye Du, Tian Tian, Ting Xiang, Xiande Liu, Fasi Wu, Lizhe An, Wanfu Wang, Ji Dong Gu, Huyuan Feng^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

50 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this study, we compared the microbial communities colonising ancient cave wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes exhibiting signs of biodeterioration. Ten samples were collected from five different caves built during different time periods and analysed using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. The clone library results revealed high microbial diversity, including the bacterial groups Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi and the fungal groups Euascomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Plectomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Zygomycota, and Basidiomycota. The bacterial community structures differed among the samples, with no consistent temporal or spatial trends. However, the fungal community diversity index correlated with the building time of the caves independent of environmental factors (e.g., temperature or relative humidity). The enrichment cultures revealed that many culturable strains were highly resistant to various stresses and thus may be responsible for the damage to cave paintings in the Mogao Grottoes.

Original language	English
Article number	7752
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07752
State	Published - 2015
Externally published	Yes

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title = "The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes",

abstract = "In this study, we compared the microbial communities colonising ancient cave wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes exhibiting signs of biodeterioration. Ten samples were collected from five different caves built during different time periods and analysed using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. The clone library results revealed high microbial diversity, including the bacterial groups Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi and the fungal groups Euascomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Plectomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Zygomycota, and Basidiomycota. The bacterial community structures differed among the samples, with no consistent temporal or spatial trends. However, the fungal community diversity index correlated with the building time of the caves independent of environmental factors (e.g., temperature or relative humidity). The enrichment cultures revealed that many culturable strains were highly resistant to various stresses and thus may be responsible for the damage to cave paintings in the Mogao Grottoes.",

author = "Yantian Ma and He Zhang and Ye Du and Tian Tian and Ting Xiang and Xiande Liu and Fasi Wu and Lizhe An and Wanfu Wang and Gu, {Ji Dong} and Huyuan Feng",

note = "Funding Information: We are grateful for financial support from the National Basic Research Program (2012CB026105), National Natural Science Foundation (31170482, 31370450, 31300445, 31440031, 31260136), PhD Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education (2010021111002, 20110211110021), and Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural of State Administration for Cultural Heritage (200701). The authors would like to thank Mr. Fei Qiu and Dr. Guobin Zhang from the Institute of Dunhuang Academy for assisting with sampling. The authors also thank other members of our lab who provided valuable and constructive suggestions.",

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doi = "10.1038/srep07752",

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AU - Zhang, He

AU - Du, Ye

AU - Tian, Tian

AU - Xiang, Ting

AU - Liu, Xiande

AU - Wu, Fasi

AU - An, Lizhe

AU - Wang, Wanfu

AU - Gu, Ji Dong

AU - Feng, Huyuan

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful for financial support from the National Basic Research Program (2012CB026105), National Natural Science Foundation (31170482, 31370450, 31300445, 31440031, 31260136), PhD Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education (2010021111002, 20110211110021), and Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural of State Administration for Cultural Heritage (200701). The authors would like to thank Mr. Fei Qiu and Dr. Guobin Zhang from the Institute of Dunhuang Academy for assisting with sampling. The authors also thank other members of our lab who provided valuable and constructive suggestions.

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - In this study, we compared the microbial communities colonising ancient cave wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes exhibiting signs of biodeterioration. Ten samples were collected from five different caves built during different time periods and analysed using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. The clone library results revealed high microbial diversity, including the bacterial groups Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi and the fungal groups Euascomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Plectomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Zygomycota, and Basidiomycota. The bacterial community structures differed among the samples, with no consistent temporal or spatial trends. However, the fungal community diversity index correlated with the building time of the caves independent of environmental factors (e.g., temperature or relative humidity). The enrichment cultures revealed that many culturable strains were highly resistant to various stresses and thus may be responsible for the damage to cave paintings in the Mogao Grottoes.

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The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes

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