Microbiological community of the Royal Palace in Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea of Cambodia by Illumina sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene

Xiaowei Zhang; Qinya Ge; Zhibao Zhu; Yiming Deng; Ji Dong Gu

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018

Microbiological community of the Royal Palace in Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea of Cambodia by Illumina sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene

Xiaowei Zhang, Qinya Ge, Zhibao Zhu, Yiming Deng, Ji Dong Gu^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

47 Scopus citations

Abstract

Angkor temples in Cambodia, an icon of Khmer civilization, display the ancient culture by bas-relief on the sandstone surface of different temples, which are being destroyed by physical, chemical and biological processes for more than a thousand years. To investigate the bio-erosion of temple sandstone at the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea in Cambodia, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Illumina sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA gene was performed on samples of biofilm and exfoliated sandstone materials to identify the microbial community composition. After quality filtering the raw data, 678,115 quality reads were obtained for bacterial 16S rRNA gene from a total of 13 samples with high Goods coverage and satisfactory rarefaction curves. Higher bacterial diversity was detected in exfoliated sandstone materials than the biofilms, but the lowest in the lower layers of the biofilm than the top layers. At the phylum level, 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, were the most common and dominant bacterial groups in these samples with each contributing to greater than 3.7% of the total abundance. Both Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant phyla detected only in exfoliated materials, while Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and unassigned bacteria were more abundant in the biofilms. Hierarchical cluster analysis at the genus level showed that the distribution of bacterial community composition between exfoliated materials and biofilms was significantly different. The microbiota of Beng Mealea and the Royal Palace was different, especially for the biofilm samples. The correlation of environmental factors and bacterial community structure suggested that the nitrification process was more active at Ben Mealea, which might contribute to biodeterioration. This analysis of microbiota in these biofilms and sandstone exfoliation materials provides further information on the responsible microorganisms involved in geobiochemical processes at Angkor monuments and preservation strategies under tropical climate conditions.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	127-135
Number of pages	9
Journal	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
Volume	134
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018
State	Published - Oct 2018
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

16S rRNA gene
Ammonia oxidation
Angkor monuments
Bacterial community
Biofilms
High-throughput sequencing
Sandstone exfoliation

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10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018

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title = "Microbiological community of the Royal Palace in Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea of Cambodia by Illumina sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene",

abstract = "Angkor temples in Cambodia, an icon of Khmer civilization, display the ancient culture by bas-relief on the sandstone surface of different temples, which are being destroyed by physical, chemical and biological processes for more than a thousand years. To investigate the bio-erosion of temple sandstone at the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea in Cambodia, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Illumina sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA gene was performed on samples of biofilm and exfoliated sandstone materials to identify the microbial community composition. After quality filtering the raw data, 678,115 quality reads were obtained for bacterial 16S rRNA gene from a total of 13 samples with high Goods coverage and satisfactory rarefaction curves. Higher bacterial diversity was detected in exfoliated sandstone materials than the biofilms, but the lowest in the lower layers of the biofilm than the top layers. At the phylum level, 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, were the most common and dominant bacterial groups in these samples with each contributing to greater than 3.7% of the total abundance. Both Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant phyla detected only in exfoliated materials, while Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and unassigned bacteria were more abundant in the biofilms. Hierarchical cluster analysis at the genus level showed that the distribution of bacterial community composition between exfoliated materials and biofilms was significantly different. The microbiota of Beng Mealea and the Royal Palace was different, especially for the biofilm samples. The correlation of environmental factors and bacterial community structure suggested that the nitrification process was more active at Ben Mealea, which might contribute to biodeterioration. This analysis of microbiota in these biofilms and sandstone exfoliation materials provides further information on the responsible microorganisms involved in geobiochemical processes at Angkor monuments and preservation strategies under tropical climate conditions.",

keywords = "16S rRNA gene, Ammonia oxidation, Angkor monuments, Bacterial community, Biofilms, High-throughput sequencing, Sandstone exfoliation",

author = "Xiaowei Zhang and Qinya Ge and Zhibao Zhu and Yiming Deng and Gu, {Ji Dong}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018",

year = "2018",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018",

language = "英语",

volume = "134",

pages = "127--135",

journal = "International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Microbiological community of the Royal Palace in Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea of Cambodia by Illumina sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene

AU - Zhang, Xiaowei

AU - Ge, Qinya

AU - Zhu, Zhibao

AU - Deng, Yiming

AU - Gu, Ji Dong

PY - 2018/10

Y1 - 2018/10

N2 - Angkor temples in Cambodia, an icon of Khmer civilization, display the ancient culture by bas-relief on the sandstone surface of different temples, which are being destroyed by physical, chemical and biological processes for more than a thousand years. To investigate the bio-erosion of temple sandstone at the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea in Cambodia, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Illumina sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA gene was performed on samples of biofilm and exfoliated sandstone materials to identify the microbial community composition. After quality filtering the raw data, 678,115 quality reads were obtained for bacterial 16S rRNA gene from a total of 13 samples with high Goods coverage and satisfactory rarefaction curves. Higher bacterial diversity was detected in exfoliated sandstone materials than the biofilms, but the lowest in the lower layers of the biofilm than the top layers. At the phylum level, 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, were the most common and dominant bacterial groups in these samples with each contributing to greater than 3.7% of the total abundance. Both Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant phyla detected only in exfoliated materials, while Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and unassigned bacteria were more abundant in the biofilms. Hierarchical cluster analysis at the genus level showed that the distribution of bacterial community composition between exfoliated materials and biofilms was significantly different. The microbiota of Beng Mealea and the Royal Palace was different, especially for the biofilm samples. The correlation of environmental factors and bacterial community structure suggested that the nitrification process was more active at Ben Mealea, which might contribute to biodeterioration. This analysis of microbiota in these biofilms and sandstone exfoliation materials provides further information on the responsible microorganisms involved in geobiochemical processes at Angkor monuments and preservation strategies under tropical climate conditions.

AB - Angkor temples in Cambodia, an icon of Khmer civilization, display the ancient culture by bas-relief on the sandstone surface of different temples, which are being destroyed by physical, chemical and biological processes for more than a thousand years. To investigate the bio-erosion of temple sandstone at the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea in Cambodia, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Illumina sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA gene was performed on samples of biofilm and exfoliated sandstone materials to identify the microbial community composition. After quality filtering the raw data, 678,115 quality reads were obtained for bacterial 16S rRNA gene from a total of 13 samples with high Goods coverage and satisfactory rarefaction curves. Higher bacterial diversity was detected in exfoliated sandstone materials than the biofilms, but the lowest in the lower layers of the biofilm than the top layers. At the phylum level, 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, were the most common and dominant bacterial groups in these samples with each contributing to greater than 3.7% of the total abundance. Both Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant phyla detected only in exfoliated materials, while Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and unassigned bacteria were more abundant in the biofilms. Hierarchical cluster analysis at the genus level showed that the distribution of bacterial community composition between exfoliated materials and biofilms was significantly different. The microbiota of Beng Mealea and the Royal Palace was different, especially for the biofilm samples. The correlation of environmental factors and bacterial community structure suggested that the nitrification process was more active at Ben Mealea, which might contribute to biodeterioration. This analysis of microbiota in these biofilms and sandstone exfoliation materials provides further information on the responsible microorganisms involved in geobiochemical processes at Angkor monuments and preservation strategies under tropical climate conditions.

KW - 16S rRNA gene

KW - Ammonia oxidation

KW - Angkor monuments

KW - Bacterial community

KW - Biofilms

KW - High-throughput sequencing

KW - Sandstone exfoliation

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U2 - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018

DO - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.06.018

M3 - 文章

AN - SCOPUS:85053008060

SN - 0964-8305

VL - 134

SP - 127

EP - 135

JO - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

JF - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

ER -

Microbiological community of the Royal Palace in Angkor Thom and Beng Mealea of Cambodia by Illumina sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene

Abstract

Keywords

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