TY - JOUR
T1 - Fungal diversity and its contribution to the biodeterioration of mural paintings in two 1700-year-old tombs of China
AU - Ma, Wenxia
AU - Wu, Fasi
AU - Tian, Tian
AU - He, Dongpeng
AU - Zhang, Qi
AU - Gu, Ji Dong
AU - Duan, Yulong
AU - Ma, Dongxu
AU - Wang, Wanfu
AU - Feng, Huyuan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/8
Y1 - 2020/8
N2 - Two subterranean ancient Chinese tombs of over 1700 years old, one from the Jin Dynasty and another from the Han Dynasty, were investigated in relation to black spots associated with microbiological deterioration of brick mural paintings within. The objectives of this study were to characterize the diversity of culturable fungal communities and assess the biodeteriorative potential of the isolated fungi. Culture-dependent methods using four different types of media were used for fungal isolation and specialized agar plates were used for biodeteriorative analyses by monitoring calcite dissolution, proteolytic activity, pH change, and biomineralization capabilities the isolated strains. Physical characterization of the mural samples and biomineralization were carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive and X-ray diffraction analyses, while fungal acid production was analysed using High-performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that most of the 22 fungal strains isolated belonged to the Penicillium and Aspergillus genera. Differences in fungal community diversity between the two tombs may be attributed to variations in their interior temperature and relative humidity, however the history and drawing techniques used could also be contributing factors. Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium olsonii were found in both tombs, representing the core microflora found in the black spots, thus these three fungi may be the sources of the black spots. More than 68% of the isolated fungi showed proteolytic activity and 27% of the strains produced acids, leading to dissolution of calcium carbonate and decreased pH value. Among the isolates, 5 out of 6 acid-forming fungal strains could also promote biomineralization. Penicillium was the main genus found to form acid and promote biomineralization. These fungi with biodeterioration and biomineralization characteristics were abundant in the black spots, indicating that formation of black spots was relevant to their presence and activity. These results suggest that thriving fungi, primarily driven by the local microenvironment, pose a high risk to brick wall paintings.
AB - Two subterranean ancient Chinese tombs of over 1700 years old, one from the Jin Dynasty and another from the Han Dynasty, were investigated in relation to black spots associated with microbiological deterioration of brick mural paintings within. The objectives of this study were to characterize the diversity of culturable fungal communities and assess the biodeteriorative potential of the isolated fungi. Culture-dependent methods using four different types of media were used for fungal isolation and specialized agar plates were used for biodeteriorative analyses by monitoring calcite dissolution, proteolytic activity, pH change, and biomineralization capabilities the isolated strains. Physical characterization of the mural samples and biomineralization were carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive and X-ray diffraction analyses, while fungal acid production was analysed using High-performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that most of the 22 fungal strains isolated belonged to the Penicillium and Aspergillus genera. Differences in fungal community diversity between the two tombs may be attributed to variations in their interior temperature and relative humidity, however the history and drawing techniques used could also be contributing factors. Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium olsonii were found in both tombs, representing the core microflora found in the black spots, thus these three fungi may be the sources of the black spots. More than 68% of the isolated fungi showed proteolytic activity and 27% of the strains produced acids, leading to dissolution of calcium carbonate and decreased pH value. Among the isolates, 5 out of 6 acid-forming fungal strains could also promote biomineralization. Penicillium was the main genus found to form acid and promote biomineralization. These fungi with biodeterioration and biomineralization characteristics were abundant in the black spots, indicating that formation of black spots was relevant to their presence and activity. These results suggest that thriving fungi, primarily driven by the local microenvironment, pose a high risk to brick wall paintings.
KW - Acid production
KW - Ancient Chinese tomb
KW - Biodeterioration
KW - Biomineralization
KW - Black spot
KW - Brick mural
KW - Fungal disease
KW - Fungi
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084701325&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.104972
DO - 10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.104972
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:85084701325
SN - 0964-8305
VL - 152
JO - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
JF - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation
M1 - 104972
ER -