Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors

TY - JOUR

T1 - Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors

AU - Koklu, Anil

AU - Wustoni, Shofarul

AU - Guo, Keying

AU - Silva, Raphaela

AU - Salvigni, Luca

AU - Hama, Adel

AU - Diaz-Galicia, Escarlet

AU - Moser, Maximilian

AU - Marks, Adam

AU - McCulloch, Iain

AU - Grünberg, Raik

AU - Arold, Stefan T.

AU - Inal, Sahika

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

PY - 2022/9/1

Y1 - 2022/9/1

N2 - Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody–SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.

AB - Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody–SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.

KW - SARS-CoV-2

KW - alternating current electrokinetics/electrohydrodynamics

KW - biosensors

KW - nanobodies

KW - organic electrochemical transistors

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85135039479&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1002/adma.202202972

DO - 10.1002/adma.202202972

M3 - 文章

C2 - 35772173

AN - SCOPUS:85135039479

SN - 0935-9648

VL - 34

JO - Advanced Materials

JF - Advanced Materials

IS - 35

M1 - 2202972

ER -